Bertoni M., Cavapozzi D., Celidoni M., Trevisan E. (2015).

Development and validation of a material deprivation index. In Börsch-Supan A., Kneip T., Litwin H., Myck M., Weber G., Ageing in Europe – Supporting Policies for an Inclusive Society, pp. 57-66.

Abstract:

We develop and validate an index of material deprivation among the European 50+ population.
The index is strongly associated with difficulties in making ends meet and the amount of money needed to easily make ends meet.
Material deprivation is negatively associated with age and education, and correlates positively with poor health and living in rural areas.